My final paper

This is my final paper I make no guarantees of quality but it is what I ended up with.

A growing body of work seems to suggest that Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) function as social worlds. How these virtual worlds function is less understood and while scholarly literature is beginning to grasp the subtle dynamics of these new environments there is still a lot that needs to be accounted for. For one thing every game is different and yet there is very little work on how that could impact one’s findings and there is a lexicon of generic MMORPG terms like gold and guild that are used to talk about all game worlds. I find this problematic because it elides the ways in which every game world is different from every other especially when it comes to terms like guild which describe social practices. If we agree with the generic definition of a guild as the basic social unit of MMORPGs how does that translate into specific practices in particular games? What does it mean to be in a guild in World of Warcraft (WoW) or in any game for that matter? If we can think of MMORPGs as social worlds it seems counterintuitive to assume that this means that these worlds are somehow uniform. How can we study virtual worlds as cultures if we ignore the contextual specificities that make each game unique?

My project is about guilds in the game World of Warcraft, more specifically it is an auto ethnographic meditation on the role guilds play in the game. What is a guild in WoW? This is not simply a technical question as my interest lies more in studying the social basis for guilds than in their specific designed functions. What does it mean to be in a WoW guild? What makes guilds central to social life in WoW? What kind of social group is a guild? If we assume that a guild is a community, what kind of community would we be dealing with? A caveat, this is a project based mostly in my lived experience this means that it is not representative of the experiences of every WoW player on ever server at every time. My data cannot even represent the totality of my game play experiences; instead what I can do is evoke the reality of WoW, present a snapshot of what (virtual) life in WoW can be like. As humble as it may seem this work and others like it are crucial to establishing an understanding of what people do when they play online games. I will preface my work with a brief discussion of MMORPGs as a genre of game in order to make my work accessible to non gamers. I will then present my findings as an impressionist tale discussing in some detail experiences I had in the game. After I present my data and my findings I will conclude with a meditation on game studies and socialization in online environments.

The term Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game refers to a specific genre of online game. MMORPGs are massively multiplayer because many players can play the game simultaneously. Blizzard Entertainment, the makers of WoW, brags that their game has over nine million subscribers. Most MMORPGs use servers, instances of the game world that thousands of players can be logged into simultaneously. MMORGPs are graphically rich virtual worlds featuring a variety of different environments designed to keep the players interested in them. What’s more these are persistent worlds, the game world exists independently of individual players and is therefore present for the players to access at any time they want to. MMORPGs are also avatar based, this means that players create avatars described by various statistics that interact with the world (Filiciak, 2003) through a combination of keys and mouse clicks. One of the goals of any MMORPG is to advance one’s avatar, to improve it by improving its statistics or giving it new abilities. Interestingly though MMORPGs are very open ended allowing the player to set his or her own goals, there are limits to this freedom, however, and players found violating the terms of service can expect to face the consequences.

One thing all MMORPGs interfaces come with is a chat box, and through this chat box players can communicate with each other using a variety of chat channels. Perhaps the easiest image for a person who has never gamed before would be a graphically complex chat room with a bunch of interactive tasks (Yee, 2005). While players will use programs like Ventrilo or Teamspeak to speak to each other voice to voice and some games even have voice chat software built in much of the social interaction in MMORPGs happens in text chat. I don’t know how widespread voice chat is, I’ve used in the past and several of the guilds I was in had Ventrilo servers but my project will focus on chat. Text can be a very imprecise means of communication because it lacks the affective cues present even in voice chat but it is the default medium in most MMORPGs. WoW has voice chat software build into it but this software is not particularly effective and I have not had any good experiences with it. I have gotten better results with the Ventrilo servers my guilds set up but since I don’t use vent much it won’t play a major role in my discussion.

Before I get into the specifics of WoW, it is worth repeating that MMORPG worlds are highly interactive. Game companies fill their worlds with a lot of content that allows players to interact with each other and the world in many different ways. Like any good game interacting with the world and completing game objectives is rewarded and players amass (virtual) material goods as they play. Every game has their own particular way of organizing their reward systems and their own kinds of (virtual) goods which are valuable only in the context of the particular game in question. These are also fictional worlds, that is worlds with a history and cultures that are nominally unique to the world in question. Immersing one’s self in the world means a minimum of role playing simply by having one’s avatar interact with the world. In real life I am not an elfin paladin or a gnome wizard but in World of Warcraft I am both of those things even if I do not actively pretend to be either of those things.

World of Warcraft is an MMOROPG with many servers and each server can host up to about 20 000 players simultaneously, there are over a hundred servers available in the United States alone. Like most MMORPGs it features a fantasy themed world called Azeroth, a world of dragons, elves, magic and war. WoW is an avatar based game and players create characters selecting a race and a class that they then move around the world training. There are two major player factions the Horde and the Alliance. Each faction is made up of five playable races with their own racial skills and a particular fictional history and ten classes. After choosing faction players choose race and then class, each choice restricting their subsequent choices. First a player chooses faction and this restricts their choice of race Orcs, Trolls, Zombies, Tauren (a race of bovine humanoids) and Blood Elves are the Horde races while Humans, Dwarves, Gnomes, Night Elves and Draenei (a race of blue aliens). While there are no classes unique to either faction choice of race restricts class choice. For example my highest level character is a Blood Elf Paladin; Blood Elves are the only race among the Horde that can be Paladins. Almost every race has a race specific language but each faction has a language that every race can understand, Alliance has common and Horde orcish but neither faction can understand the other because the factions are at war.

WoW servers or realms are divided into categories along three lines: player location, realm type and game play mode. The first category is in many ways the easiest to understand, Blizzard organizes its servers based on geographic location mostly for logistical purposes, with over nine million players worldwide and servers in multiple languages it is important for the game company to make sure the customers are accommodated in the most efficient way possible. Because I live in North America I play on a North American server, this means that many of the people I meet on the server are American but there are Canadians who play to. Blizzard then divides its realms into two types of realms, RP or role playing realms where players are formally encouraged to role play and normal servers where players are not. I play on a role playing server both because I like role playing and because when I started playing I had friends on the server. Blizzard further categorizes servers in relation to game play, some realms are formatted for PvP (player versus player) gaming and others are not. On PvP servers the war between the Horde and the Alliance is active and players are allowed to attack members of the opposite faction with impunity. On PvE (player versus environment) servers, or non PvP servers, players can choose not to be flagged for PvP and that means that players from the opposite faction can’t attack them. The servers I tend to play on are PvE, though I have never really played on a PvP server I feel more secure knowing that I won’t be randomly attacked as I adventure in the world.

I first started playing WoW because some of my friends were interested in playing the game. One of those friends, Jacobe, was already playing the game and invited us to join him on his server. With a bunch of my friends playing the game and my appreciation for the fantasy genre I was really excited to begin playing. The first MMORPG I ever played was Lineage 2, a fantasy themed game and I have loved the fantasy genre since before I played computer games. My first moments in the game were spent creating characters and figuring out how to use the basic game interface to play with my avatar while teaming with my friends. This did not last long and because of unfortunate real world circumstances I ended up playing alone because my friends were unable to find the time to join me. If I had been on a trial account I think I would have stopped playing when I realized my friends were not going to be able to play with me but because I had payed for two months I kept playing. One day I was playing with my paladin and I was invited to join a guild and everything changed.

I met Sadie in one of the first guilds I joined. While being part of a guild did not mean that I teamed up with other players more it did mean that I had people to chat with as I quested. One of those people was Sadie. She had a very lively sense of humor and she was always willing to talk about anything. One of the things I have always liked about MMORPGs is how the game can serve as an object of conversation providing me with a topic that I know the person I am talking with is interested in. While we only chatted at first we did team up and it is then that Sadie and I really got to know each other; I learned about her life and she learned about mine, it was an intimate moment between friends. I made many friends in that guild just by chatting with people in the guild channel. One of the guild members I befriended helped my druid get his aquatic form and on two separate occasions generously gave me in game currency when I needed it. What I appreciated about that guild was that even though most of us were playing alone in the game world we were also together in the guild channel. I was devastated the day I realized that most of my friends had left that guild. It had been an important hub for my virtual social life for so long that I was unsure of what to do with myself now that it was gone.

When after much soul searching I met up with Sadie again and she told me about her guild I was overjoyed because most of the people that I had befriended in my old guild were there. Sadie’s guild seemed to me to be everything I wanted in a guild, an association full of people I liked that I would be able to chat with freely. Sadie wanted a raiding guild but I was not really aware of what being in a raiding guild would really mean. Raiding in WoW is teaming up in large teams called raid groups and entering instances maps generated specifically for the raid group in order to access game content that no single player could master whether it be player versus player (PvP) content or player versus environment (PvE) content. Sadie was interested in PvE raiding, PvE instances are dungeons filled with very strong monsters that raid groups defeat both for the challenge and the (virtual) material rewards. Raiding is the means to accessing the most valuable gear in the game and the difficulty of the game content makes it important for raiders to work together well. Raiding is serious business and it requires commitment, dedication, and focus on the part of the raiders and a raiding guild is one that devotes its resources to making sure that the guild has the resources it needs to raid as efficiently as possible.

It is not uncommon for a guild to focus on one specific element of game play; in fact I believe it is current practice among guilds to specialize in this manner. This specialization means that likeminded individuals can form guilds together and to a certain extent guilds are like imagined communities in that members take for granted that other members will see things the way they do. I have been horrified to hear guild members say racist or homophobic remarks because they are things I don’t think. I always appreciated the efforts Sadie made to make her guild a place safe from the startlingly discriminatory language that is bandied about on a daily basis in most online environments. Chat is an imperfect medium for communication because it lacks many of the affective signals that voice to voice chat can transmit and as a result it’s a much more interpretable medium. When a guild member named Pegolas called a group of people fags, however, there was no misinterpreting what he meant or so I thought. When I confronted Pegolas he argued that he used the term fag to mean idiot and not homosexual and was initially quite defensive. Clearly he felt that as fellow guild members we would understand what he meant, that we were like him in a sense. That Sadie once compared the guild to a family at a guild meeting illustrates how the importance that guild life can take in WoW.

Guilds form and disband all the time in WoW; they form quickly and never manage to become a cohesive social network for any number of reasons. It makes it important to look at a guild that can make it a month past the signing of its charter to figure out what makes guilds stay together. The most successful guilds are ones in which members come together to face common challenges and learn bow to face them together making them remarkably similar to Wenger’s (in Pirius, 2007) communities of practice. Wegner defines communities of practice as communities that share common interest in a topic and who deepen their knowledge in the area through repeated interaction. The key focus of communities of practice is managing knowledge and by creating, expanding and exchanging knowledge allowing individuals to develop abilities. Sadie’s guild was a place where members could, by working together, share and even at times create knowledge about WoW. The higher level members would raid regularly working on becoming better players. Without being particularly knowledgeable about WoW when fellow guild members asked questions that I could answer I did.
Wegner argues that communities of practice develop their particular ways of talking and thinking about the subject at hand. Because the characters I had in the guild were not high enough level to participate in the raids I never got a firsthand experience of what raiding in Sadie’s guild might have been like. The guild was organized around managing knowledge and (virtual) material resources however and the sharing of these things was an important part of participating in guild life. With over nine million players there is a vast body of information about WoW readily available to anybody who cares to search for it. Online one can find directions, strategy guides and even programs that let players customize their interface in order to facilitate game play. While the knowledge that Sadie and the guild amassed and organized cannot be called original they undoubtedly appropriated it adapting it to suit their circumstances.

Communities of practice are based on sharing and acceptance and Wenger emphasizes that respect and trust are fundamental to the everyday workings of the community, in other words no respect or trust means no sharing. Sadie put a lot of effort into creating an atmosphere where discrimination was not tolerated but there were enough guild members who seemed to be incapable of respecting others to make the guild somewhat inefficient. I joined the guild upon the assumption that the other members were interested in the same things I was and it took me a while to realize that my goals were not in alignment with those of the guild community. As a community of practice the body of knowledge that they were amassing was never one that was particularly relevant to my gaming experience, so in short I stayed with the guild even though I had no formal reason to. I won’t deny that I benefitted from the (virtual) material resources amassed by the guild but I also went out of my way to help guild members and I contributed to the prosperity of the guild in numerous ways.

Reciprocity is a major theme in the daily workings of a guild, if one is to benefit from the collective resources of the guild one must also be prepared to donate one’s resources to the guild. I got into trouble with some of my fellow guild members or guildies for theoretically refusing to help a guild member. What this story should underline is the way guild members enforce unenforceable behaviors such as generosity by criticizing perceived selfishness. I was online one day when this guild member whom I will call Cheval started complaining about immature players. This is a fair complaint as many players sometimes act in offensive or immature ways, this is the internet and people misbehave all the time because they feel that this bad behavior cannot be linked to them. In any event she then bragged about being able to make people and most notably another guild member cry. This irritated me because I have a low tolerance for bullies having been bullied in the past so when she started asking for help I told her I could not help her and what’s more that even if I could I would seriously consider not helping her. This refusal drew angry reactions from other guild members who accused me of not being helpful enough. By intimating that I was not at this guild member’s beck and call I was asserting my right not to be helpful which flies in the face of the reciprocity at the heart of guild relations.

Cheval was not the only guild member I disliked and over time several members bothered me for a variety of reasons. One day I went out of my way to help a fellow guild member, she claimed to be having trouble completing a quest so I joined her. Because I was much higher level than her and the quest I could have easily just completed her quest objectives and gone on my way but I thought I would do her a favor and try to give her some advice and tips while I was at it. She balked at my attempts to give her advice; she complained that I was taking too long to help her and refused to listen to me. I found her attitude off putting and in the end I just quickly breezed through her quest and brushed off her attempt to thank me with badly concealed ill will. I felt that she had not properly appreciated my help and that experience meant that I was not prepared to help her a second time. In the same vein I also disliked a guild member who had the unfortunate habit of not paying attention to what he was doing and expected others to help him out when he got into trouble. If guild members can expect assistance from the guild it is only normal that they try not to impose on those who would help them. Because neither of the above guild members seemed willing to help themselves I dismissed them as idiots and after avoided them. Neither of them affected me like Bunny.

Bunny was a guildie (fellow guild member) who had the unfortunate bad habit of keeping his caps lock button pressed, this means that HE SPOKE IN CAPS ALL THE TIME no matter what he said. For those of you who don't know using all capital letters in chat is the equivalent of screaming in a face to face interaction. Not only did he keep the caps button on but he always felt the need to type out the lyrics to songs that he was listening to in guild chat. I can understand that sometimes people use caps to indicate frustration, but he was not doing that, it was like he was screaming everything he said for no reason. I found this very obnoxious and so the first few times I saw him do this I asked him to stop, and I asked politely, the conversations went something like this:

Bunny: I'M A LITTLE TEAPOT SHORT AND STOUT

me: Um, hey there Bunny would you mind taking off caps?

Bunny: WHY?

me: Well I find it sort of obnoxious and I would appreciate it if you did not do that

Bunny: HERE IS MY HANDLE AND HERE IS MY SPOUT

Basically he refused to listen to me so I went to see the guild leader and I complained to her telling her that I understood that sometimes using caps could be important but that Bunny was being really obnoxious. She told me that she would speak to him and eventually did. When she did Bunny through a fit and insisted that he was not changing to make anybody happy and that if somebody had a problem with him that they should put him on ignore. I was really pissed off at this and I promptly put him on ignore. I thanked my guild leader for her help and that I chose to put him on ignore but that I was not happy about it. My guild leader reminded me that I could not like everybody and that especially in a big guild that lack of manners was to be expected sometimes. I told her my problem with Bunny was that he was rude and unreasonable but that she could count on me to not cause drama and that is what happened. I put him on ignore and then I tried not to think about him.

With the exception of a guild member who made blatantly racist comments in guild chat before being kicked out of the guild by Sadie Bunny was the only guild member I ever officially put on ignore. While I would simply not talk with most guild members I disliked Bunny was a special case. Cheval was a mean person but unless one provoked her she could be counted on to behave, Bunny was an obnoxious and he would go out of his way to annoy others. In other words Cheval could behave, Bunny could not. I think that Bunny amused Sadie and she found it funny to watch him fluster other guild members without ever fully realizing that it was his fault when others got angry at him. I will never really understand what Sadie saw in Bunny, however, mostly because after I joined her guild I never spoke with her. Though I still think of her as a friend and I know she thinks about me the same we don’t speak to each other regularly and this means we are not as close as we once were. I think that her first guild ultimately fell apart because she was unwilling or unable to convince members to really be respectful of one another.

Social relationships in WoW like in many other places online are contingent on regular contact and Joelle Kivits’s writing about e-mail interviews captures the importance of contact in online relationships. Looking at my own social life I can see how it is the people that I would communicate with on a regular basis with that I would think of as friends. Only approaching Sadie when I had something significant to report to her changed our relationship and it made intimacy more difficult to achieve. My time in Sadie’s guild was one of great confusion because while I had friends in my guild I was also realizing that the guild as a community was not particularly relevant for me. The main goal of Sadie’s guild was to raid and while my goal of socializing with members was not in direct opposition to the guild’s objectives. I was committed to the friendships that I had made in the guild but ultimately felt alienated by my inability to relate to the guild’s larger goals. This is why I felt nothing about leaving her guild; I had stayed in that guild a lot longer than I should have. Sadie abandoned her guild and started a new one which I also joined but when this new guild proved to be the same as her old one I quit the guild. I left in good standing making sure that Sadie knew why I quit the guild.

In WoW, guilds can serve as important loci for socialization when the serve as social networks players can turn to in times of need. Centered on managing knowledge about the game, guilds create bodies of knowledge that can be accessed by individual members in order to help them become better players. WoW can be a very isolating game at times from my own experiences players rarely team up together outside of specific contexts in which having a team is necessary. In many ways WoW is a game where people play next to each other, in parallel without ever really interacting. With a server population of around 20 000 one can wander the world and never encounter the same player twice. What a guild does is put people in relationships with each other so that they can have social networks to fall back on in times of need. I set out to talk about my experiences as a WoW player and the way that guilds shaped my game experience and in a sense I did that. Thinking about the roles guilds play in WoW I realized that there was a lot I did not understand. How do the objectives of a guild affect the functioning of a guild? While I have been a member of more than one guild there are many kinds of guilds I have never been a member of. I have never been part of a role playing guild, for example, so I don’t really know what that is like. If the focus of a guild affects the way a guild functions how does server type affect the population that plays on it? Are there differences between the populations of PvP and PvE realms and if so how do we understand them? And ultimately if player experiences in the same game can be radically different what does this say about our ability to talk about socialization on MMORPGs?

Reference List
1. Anderson, B. (1983). “The Origins of National Cnsciousness.” In Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London & New York: Verso. Pp. 41-49.
2. Filiciak, M. (2003). Hyperidentities: Postmodern identity patterns in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. In The video game theory reader. M.J.P Wolf& B. Perron eds. New York: Routledge. Pp 87-102.
3. Yee, N. (2005). The Demographics, Motivations, and Derived Experiences of Users of Massively Multi-User Online Graphical Environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, Jun2006, Vol. 15 Issue 3, p309-329.
4. Anderson, B. (1983). “The Origins of National Cnsciousness.” In Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London & New York: Verso. Pp. 41-49.
5. Pirius, L. K. (2007) Massively Multiplayer Online Game Virtual Environments: A Potential Locale for Intercultural Training. Available from ProQuest database (UMI Microform 3263133)